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nginx

nginxenglishрусскийnewsaboutdownloadsecuritydocumentationfaqbookssupporttractwitterblogunitnjsnginxBasic HTTP server featuresOther HTTP server featuresMail proxy server featuresTCP/UDP proxy server featuresArchitecture and scalabilityTested OS and platforms

nginx [engine x] is an HTTP and reverse proxy server,

a mail proxy server,

and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server,

originally written by Igor Sysoev.

For a long time, it has been running

on many heavily loaded Russian sites including

Yandex,

Mail.Ru,

VK, and

Rambler.

According to Netcraft, nginx served or proxied

20.74%

busiest sites in February 2024.

Here are some of the success stories:

Dropbox,

Netflix,

Wordpress.com,

FastMail.FM.

The sources and documentation are distributed under the

2-clause BSD-like license.

Commercial support is available from

Nginx, Inc.

Basic HTTP server features

Serving static and

index

files,

autoindexing;

open file descriptor cache;

Accelerated

reverse proxying with caching;

load balancing

and fault tolerance;

Accelerated support with caching of

FastCGI,

uwsgi,

SCGI, and

memcached

servers;

load balancing

and fault tolerance;

Modular architecture.

Filters include

gzipping,

byte ranges, chunked responses,

XSLT,

SSI,

and image

transformation filter.

Multiple SSI inclusions within a single page can be processed in

parallel if they are handled by proxied or FastCGI/uwsgi/SCGI servers;

SSL and

TLS SNI support;

Support for HTTP/2

with weighted and dependency-based prioritization;

Support for HTTP/3.

Other HTTP server features

Name-based and IP-based

virtual servers;

Keep-alive

and pipelined connections support;

Access

log formats,

buffered

log writing,

fast log rotation, and

syslog logging;

3xx-5xx error codes

redirection;

The rewrite module:

URI changing

using regular expressions;

Executing

different functions depending on the

client address;

Access control based on

client IP address,

by password (HTTP

Basic authentication) and by the

result of

subrequest;

Validation of

HTTP referer;

The PUT, DELETE, MKCOL, COPY,

and MOVE methods;

FLV

and

MP4

streaming;

Response rate limiting;

Limiting the number of simultaneous

connections

requests

coming from one address;

IP-based geolocation;

A/B testing;

Request mirroring;

Embedded Perl;

njs scripting language.

Mail proxy server features

User redirection to

IMAP

POP3

server using an external HTTP

authentication

server;

User authentication using an external HTTP

authentication

server and connection redirection to an internal

SMTP server;

Authentication methods:

POP3:

USER/PASS, APOP, AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;

IMAP:

SMTP:

AUTH LOGIN/PLAIN/CRAM-MD5;

SSL support;

STARTTLS

and STLS support.

TCP/UDP proxy server features

Generic proxying

of TCP and UDP;

SSL and

TLS SNI support

for TCP;

Load balancing

and fault tolerance;

Access control based on

client address;

Executing different functions depending on the

client address;

Limiting the number of simultaneous

connections

coming from one address;

Access

log formats,

buffered

log writing,

fast log rotation, and

syslog logging;

IP-based geolocation;

A/B testing;

njs scripting language.

Architecture and scalability

One master and several worker processes;

worker processes run under an unprivileged user;

Flexible configuration;

Reconfiguration

and upgrade of an

executable without interruption of the client servicing;

Support for

kqueue (FreeBSD 4.1+),

epoll (Linux 2.6+),

/dev/poll (Solaris 7 11/99+), event ports (Solaris 10),

select, and poll;

The support of the various kqueue features including EV_CLEAR, EV_DISABLE

(to temporarily disable events), NOTE_LOWAT, EV_EOF, number of available data,

error codes;

The support of various epoll features including

EPOLLRDHUP (Linux 2.6.17+, glibc 2.8+) and

EPOLLEXCLUSIVE (Linux 4.5+, glibc 2.24+);

sendfile (FreeBSD 3.1+, Linux 2.2+, macOS 10.5+), sendfile64 (Linux 2.4.21+),

and sendfilev (Solaris 8 7/01+) support;

File AIO

(FreeBSD 4.3+, Linux 2.6.22+);

DIRECTIO

(FreeBSD 4.4+, Linux 2.4+, Solaris 2.6+, macOS);

Accept-filters (FreeBSD 4.1+, NetBSD 5.0+) and TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT (Linux 2.4+)

support;

10,000 inactive HTTP keep-alive connections take about 2.5M memory;

Data copy operations are kept to a minimum.

Tested OS and platforms

FreeBSD 3 — 12 / i386;

FreeBSD 5 — 12 / amd64;

FreeBSD 11 / ppc;

FreeBSD 12 / ppc64;

Linux 2.2 — 4 / i386;

Linux 2.6 — 5 / amd64;

Linux 3 — 4 / armv6l, armv7l, aarch64, ppc64le;

Linux 4 — 5 / s390x;

Solaris 9 / i386, sun4u;

Solaris 10 / i386, amd64, sun4v;

Solaris 11 / x86;

AIX 7.1 / powerpc;

HP-UX 11.31 / ia64;

macOS / ppc, i386, x86_64;

Windows XP,

Windows Server 2003,

Windows 7,

Windows 10.

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NGINX>Glossary>What Is NGINX? What Is NGINX?

NGINX is open source software for web serving, reverse proxying, caching, load balancing, media streaming, and more. It started out as a web server designed for maximum performance and stability. In addition to its HTTP server capabilities, NGINX can also function as a proxy server for email (IMAP, POP3, and SMTP) and a reverse proxy and load balancer for HTTP, TCP, and UDP servers.

Backstory

Igor Sysoev originally wrote NGINX to solve the C10K problem, a term coined in 1999 to describe the difficulty that existing web servers experienced in handling large numbers (the 10K) of concurrent connections (the C). With its event‑driven, asynchronous architecture, NGINX revolutionized how servers operate in high‑performance contexts and became the fastest web server available.

After open sourcing the project in 2004 and watching its use grow exponentially, Sysoev co‑founded NGINX, Inc. to support continued development of NGINX and to market NGINX Plus as a commercial product with additional features designed for enterprise customers. NGINX, Inc. became part of F5, Inc. in 2019. Today, NGINX and NGINX Plus can handle hundreds of thousands of concurrent connections, and power more of the Internet’s busiest sites than any other server.

NGINX as a Web Server

The goal behind NGINX was to create the fastest web server around, and maintaining that excellence is still a central goal of the project. NGINX consistently beats Apache and other servers in benchmarks measuring web server performance. Since the original release of NGINX, however, websites have expanded from simple HTML pages to dynamic, multifaceted content. NGINX has grown along with it and now supports all the components of the modern Web, including WebSocket, HTTP/2, gRPC, and streaming of multiple video formats (HDS, HLS, RTMP, and others).

NGINX Beyond Web Serving

Though NGINX became famous as the fastest web server, the scalable underlying architecture has proved ideal for many web tasks beyond serving content. Because it can handle a high volume of connections, NGINX is commonly used as a reverse proxy and load balancer to manage incoming traffic and distribute it to slower upstream servers – anything from legacy database servers to microservices.

NGINX also is frequently placed between clients and a second web server, to serve as an SSL/TLS terminator or web accelerator. Acting as an intermediary, NGINX efficiently handles tasks that might slow down your web server, such as negotiating SSL/TLS or compressing and caching content to improve performance. Dynamic sites, built using anything from Node.js to PHP, commonly deploy NGINX as a content cache and reverse proxy to reduce load on application servers and make the most effective use of the underlying hardware.

What Can NGINX and NGINX Plus Do for You?

NGINX Plus and NGINX are the best-in-class web server and application delivery solutions used by high‑traffic websites such as Dropbox, Netflix, and Zynga. More than 350 million websites worldwide rely on NGINX Plus and NGINX Open Source to deliver their content quickly, reliably, and securely.

As a software‑only all-in-one load balancer, web server, API gateway, and reverse proxy that is designed for cloud‑native architectures, NGINX helps you accelerate your IT infrastructure and application modernization efforts. NGINX Plus delivers enterprise‑grade capabilities that provide robust reliability and security.

NGINX is a multifunction tool. With NGINX, you can use the same tool as your load balancer, reverse proxy, content cache, and web server, minimizing the amount of tooling and configuration your organization needs to maintain. NGINX offers documentation and a wide array of eBooks, webinars, and videos to get you on your feet. NGINX Plus includes rapid‑response customer support, so you can easily get help diagnosing any part of your stack that uses NGINX or NGINX Plus.

NGINX keeps evolving. For the past decade NGINX has been at the forefront of development of the modern Web, and has helped lead the way on everything from HTTP/2 to microservices support. As development and delivery of web applications continue to evolve, NGINX Plus keeps adding features to enable flawless application delivery, from support for configuration using an implementation of JavaScript customized for NGINX, to support for dynamic modules. Using NGINX Plus ensures you’ll stay at the cutting edge of web performance.

Flawless Application Delivery

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1Popularity

2Features

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2.1HTTP proxy and Web server features

2.2Mail proxy features

3Nginx vs Nginx Plus

4Nginx in comparison to Apache

5Nginx Unit

6History

7See also

8References

9External links

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Open source web server and a reverse proxy server

NGINXOriginal author(s)Igor SysoevDeveloper(s)F5, Inc.Initial release4 October 2004; 19 years ago (2004-10-04)[1]Preview release1.25.4[2]

/ 14 February 2024

Repositoryhg.nginx.org/nginx

Written inC[3]Operating systemBSD variants, HP-UX, IBM AIX, Linux, macOS, Solaris, Microsoft Windows,[4] and other *nix flavors[5]TypeWeb server, reverse/mail proxy serverLicenseNginx: BSD-2-Clause License[6] Nginx Plus: Proprietary software[7]Websitenginx.org

Nginx (pronounced "engine x"[8] /ˌɛndʒɪnˈɛks/ EN-jin-EKS, stylized as NGINX or nginx) is a web server that can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP cache. The software was created by Russian developer Igor Sysoev and publicly released in 2004.[9] Nginx is free and open-source software, released under the terms of the 2-clause BSD license. A large fraction of web servers use Nginx,[10] often as a load balancer.[11]

A company of the same name was founded in 2011 to provide support and NGINX Plus paid software.[12] In March 2019, the company was acquired by F5, Inc. for $670 million.[13]

Popularity[edit]

As of June 2022[update], W3Tech's web server count of all web sites ranked Nginx first with 33.6%. Apache was second at 31.4% and Cloudflare Server third at 21.6%.[14] As of March 2022[update], Netcraft estimated that Nginx served 22.01% of the million busiest websites with Apache a little ahead at 23.04%. Cloudflare at 19.53% and Microsoft Internet Information Services at 5.78% rounded out the top four servers for the busiest websites. Some of Netcraft's other statistics show Nginx ahead of Apache.[15]

A 2018 survey of Docker usage found that Nginx was the most commonly deployed technology in Docker containers.[16] In OpenBSD version 5.2 (November 2012), Nginx became part of the OpenBSD base system, providing an alternative to the system's fork of Apache 1.3, which it was intended to replace,[17] but later in version 5.7 (November 2014) it was removed in favor of OpenBSD's own httpd(8).[18][19]

Features[edit]

Nginx is easy to configure in order to serve static web content or to act as a proxy server.[20]

Nginx can be deployed to also serve dynamic content on the network using FastCGI, SCGI handlers for scripts, WSGI application servers or Phusion Passenger modules, and can serve as a software load balancer.[21][20]

Nginx uses an asynchronous event-driven approach, rather than threads, to handle requests.[22] Nginx's modular event-driven architecture can provide predictable performance under high loads.[23][24]

HTTP proxy and Web server features[edit]

Ability to handle more than 10,000 simultaneous connections with a low memory footprint (~2.5 MB per 10k inactive HTTP keep-alive connections)

Handling of static files, index files and auto-indexing

Reverse proxy with caching[25]

Load balancing[26] with in-band health checks[27]

TLS/SSL with SNI and OCSP stapling support, via OpenSSL

FastCGI, SCGI, uWSGI support with caching

gRPC support since March 2018, version 1.13.10.[28]

Name- and IP address-based virtual servers

IPv6-compatible

WebSockets since 1.3.13,[29] including acting as a reverse proxy and do load balancing of WebSocket applications.[30]

HTTP/1.1 Upgrade (101 Switching Protocols)[31]

HTTP/2 protocol support

HTTP/3 protocol support (experimental since 1.25.0)[32]

URL rewriting and redirection[33][34]

Mail proxy features[edit]

TLS/SSL support

STARTTLS support

SMTP,[35] POP3, and IMAP proxy

Requires authentication using an external HTTP server or by an authentication script[36][35]

Other features include upgrading executable and configuration without client connections loss,[37] and a module-based architecture with both core[38] and third-party module support.[39]

The paid Plus product includes additional features such as advanced load balancing and access to an expanded suite of metrics for performance monitoring.[40][41]

Nginx vs Nginx Plus[edit]

There are two versions of Nginx: Nginx Open Source and Nginx Plus.

Nginx Open Source is free and open-source software.

Nginx Plus is sold as a subscription model. It offers features in addition to Nginx Open Source, such as active health checks, session persistence based on cookies, DNS-service-discovery integration, Cache Purging API, AppDynamic, Datalog, Dynatrace New Relic plug-ins, Active-Active HA with config sync, Key-Value Store, on-the-fly with zero downtime updates upstream configurations, and key‑value stores using Nginx Plus API[42] and web application firewall (WAF) dynamic module.[43]

Nginx in comparison to Apache[edit]

Nginx was written with an explicit goal of outperforming the Apache web server.[44] While in the past Nginx used to outperform Apache, since Apache 2.4 they offer similar performance. [45][46] This former performance boost came at a cost of decreased flexibility, such as the ability to override system-wide access settings on a per-file basis (Apache accomplishes this with an .htaccess file, while Nginx has no such feature built in).[47][48]

Formerly, adding third-party modules to Nginx required recompiling the application from source with the modules statically linked. This was partially overcome in version 1.9.11 in February 2016, with the addition of dynamic module loading.[49] However, the modules still must be compiled at the same time as Nginx, and not all modules are compatible with this system; some require the older static linking process.[50]

Nginx Unit[edit]

Nginx Unit is an open-source web application server, released in 2017 by NGINX, Inc. to target multi-language microservices-based applications. The initial release supported applications written in Go, PHP, and Python.[51] By version 1.11.0, the support was extended to Java, Node.js, Perl, and Ruby applications; other features include dynamic configuration, request routing, and load balancing.[52][53]

History[edit]

Igor Sysoev began development of Nginx in 2002.[9] Originally, Nginx was developed to solve the C10k problem, and to fill the needs of multiple websites including the Rambler search engine and portal, for which it was serving 500 million requests per day by September 2008.[54]

Nginx Inc. was founded in July 2011 by Sysoev and Maxim Konovalov[12][55] to provide commercial products and support for the software.[56]

The company's principal place of business is San Francisco, California, while legally incorporated in British Virgin Islands.[12]

In October 2011, Nginx, Inc. raised $3 million from BV Capital, Runa Capital, and MSD Capital, Michael Dell's venture fund.[57]

The company announced commercial support options for companies using Nginx in production. Nginx offered commercial support in February 2012,[58][59] and paid Nginx Plus subscription in August 2013.[60] Support packages focus on installation, configuration, performance improvement, etc.[61] Support includes proactive notifications about major changes, security patches, updates and patches. Nginx, Inc. also offers consulting services to assist customers in custom configuration or adding additional features.[62]

In October 2013, Nginx, Inc. raised a $10 million series B investment round led by New Enterprise Associates.[63] That round included previous investors, as well as Aaron Levie, CEO and founder of Box.com.[64][65] In December 2014, Nginx raised a $20 million series B1 round led by New Enterprise Associates, with participation from e.ventures (formerly BV Capital), Runa Capital, Index Ventures and Nginx's own CEO Gus Robertson.[66][67]

In September 2017, Nginx announced an API management tool, NGINX Controller, which would build off of their API Gateway, NGINX Plus.[68][69] In October 2017, Nginx, Inc. announced general available Nginx Amplify SaaS providing monitoring and analytics capabilities for Nginx.[70]

In June 2018, Nginx, Inc. raised $43 million in Series C Funding in a round led by Goldman Sachs "to Accelerate Application Modernization and Digital Transformation for Enterprises".[71]

On 11 March 2019, F5, Inc. acquired Nginx, Inc. for US$670 million.[72]

On 12 December 2019, it was reported that the Moscow offices of Nginx Inc. had been raided by police, and that Sysoev and Konovalov had been detained. The raid was conducted under a search warrant connected to a copyright claim over Nginx by Rambler—which asserts that it owns all rights to the code because it was written while Sysoev was an employee of the company.[73] On 16 December 2019, Russian state lender Sberbank, which owns 46.5 percent of Rambler, called an extraordinary meeting of Rambler's board of directors asking Rambler's management team to request Russian law enforcement agencies cease pursuit of the criminal case, and begin talks with Nginx and with F5.[74]

On 18 January 2022, it was announced that Igor Sysoev was leaving Nginx and F5.[75]

In late 2022, Angie, an open source fork of Nginx was released by some of the former Nginx developers.[76][77] Igor Sysoev is not actively involved in this project.[78]

In February 2024, Maxim Dounin, one of Nginx's core developers, created a Nginx fork called freenginx. In the open letter announcing the creation, Maxim Dounin criticised F5's interference with Nginx's development.[79]

Advanced Load Balancer, Web Server, & Reverse Proxy - NGINX

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NGINX Overcome the Challenges of Modern App Delivery

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Audi’s Kubernetes Competence Centre conceived Kubika O as a cloud‑independent Kubernetes platform operating as a seamless application environment. The big challenge ahead of launch was deciding how to secure everything. Audi needed a proven WAF solution with certified Red Hat OpenShift interoperability, plus robust, 24/7 technical support.

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nginx: downloadenglishрусскийnewsaboutdownloadsecuritydocumentationfaqbookssupporttractwitterblogunitnjsnginx: downloadMainline versionCHANGESnginx-1.25.4 pgpnginx/Windows-1.25.4 pgpStable versionCHANGES-1.24nginx-1.24.0 pgpnginx/Windows-1.24.0 pgpLegacy versionsCHANGES-1.22nginx-1.22.1 pgpnginx/Windows-1.22.1 pgpCHANGES-1.20nginx-1.20.2 pgpnginx/Windows-1.20.2 pgpCHANGES-1.18nginx-1.18.0 pgpnginx/Windows-1.18.0 pgpCHANGES-1.16nginx-1.16.1 pgpnginx/Windows-1.16.1 pgpCHANGES-1.14nginx-1.14.2 pgpnginx/Windows-1.14.2 pgpCHANGES-1.12nginx-1.12.2 pgpnginx/Windows-1.12.2 pgpCHANGES-1.10nginx-1.10.3 pgpnginx/Windows-1.10.3 pgpCHANGES-1.8nginx-1.8.1 pgpnginx/Windows-1.8.1 pgpCHANGES-1.6nginx-1.6.3 pgpnginx/Windows-1.6.3 pgpCHANGES-1.4nginx-1.4.7 pgpnginx/Windows-1.4.7 pgpCHANGES-1.2nginx-1.2.9 pgpnginx/Windows-1.2.9 pgpCHANGES-1.0nginx-1.0.15 pgpnginx/Windows-1.0.15 pgpCHANGES-0.8nginx-0.8.55 pgpnginx/Windows-0.8.55 pgpCHANGES-0.7nginx-0.7.69 pgpnginx/Windows-0.7.69 pgpCHANGES-0.6nginx-0.6.39 pgpCHANGES-0.5nginx-0.5.38 pgpSource Code

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What Is Nginx? A Basic Look at What It Is and How It Works

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What Is Nginx? A Basic Look at What It Is and How It Works

Last updated: August 14, 2023

Nginx, pronounced like “engine-ex”, is an open-source web server that, since its initial success as a web server, is now also used as a reverse proxy, HTTP cache, and load balancer.

Some high-profile companies using Nginx include Autodesk, Atlassian, Intuit, T-Mobile, GitLab, DuckDuckGo, Microsoft, IBM, Google, Adobe, Salesforce, VMWare, Xerox, LinkedIn, Cisco, Facebook, Target, Citrix Systems, Twitter, Apple, Intel, and many more (source).

Nginx was originally created by Igor Sysoev, with its first public release in October 2004. Igor initially conceived the software as an answer to the C10k problem, which is a problem regarding the performance issue of handling 10,000 concurrent connections.

Because its roots are in performance optimization under scale, Nginx often outperforms other popular web servers in benchmark tests, especially in situations with static content and/or high concurrent requests, which is why Kinsta uses Nginx to power its hosting.

How Does Nginx Work?

Nginx vs Apache Usage Stats

How to Check If You’re Running NGINX or Apache

How Does Nginx Work?

Nginx is built to offer low memory usage and high concurrency. Rather than creating new processes for each web request, Nginx uses an asynchronous, event-driven approach where requests are handled in a single thread.

With Nginx, one master process can control multiple worker processes. The master maintains the worker processes, while the workers do the actual processing. Because Nginx is asynchronous, each request can be executed by the worker concurrently without blocking other requests.

Some common features seen in Nginx include:

Reverse proxy with caching

IPv6

Load balancing

FastCGI support with caching

WebSockets

Handling of static files, index files, and auto-indexing

TLS/SSL with SNI

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Nginx vs Apache Usage Stats

Apache is another popular open-source web server. In terms of raw numbers, Apache is the most popular web server in existence and is used by 43.6% (down from 47% in 2018) of all websites with a known web server, according to W3Techs. Nginx comes in a close second at 41.8%.

Netcraft ran a survey across 233 million domains and found Apache usage at 31.54% and Nginx usage at 26.20%.

Web server developers: market share of domains (Image source: Netcraft)

While Apache is the most popular overall option, Nginx is actually the most popular web server among high-traffic websites.

When you break down usage rates by traffic, Nginx powers:

60.9% of the 100,000 most popular sites (up from 56.1% in 2018)

67.1% of the 10,000 most popular sites (up from 63.2% in 2018)

62.1% of the 1,000 most popular sites (up from 57% in 2018)

In fact, Nginx is used by some of the most resource-intensive sites in existence, including Netflix, NASA, and even WordPress.com.

Apache’s usage, on the other hand, moves in the opposite direction as a site’s traffic increases. It powers:

24.0% of the 100,000 most popular sites (down from 27.1% in 2018)

18.8% of the 10,000 most popular sites (down from 21.5% in 2018)

16.6% of the 1,000 most popular sites (up from 16.2% in 2018)

If we take a look at Google Search terms since 2004 we can see that Apache has been on a steady decline, while NGINX has seen slight growth.

Nginx vs Apache

Again, when you consider that NGINX performs better under scale, it’s not surprising that high-traffic websites opt for NGINX over Apache. Check out our more in-depth comparison of Nginx vs Apache.

How to Check If You’re Running Nginx or Apache

On most websites, you can simply check the server HTTP header to see if it says Nginx or Apache. You can see HTTP headers by launching the network tab in Chrome Devtools. Or you can check headers in a tool like Pingdom or GTmetrix.

However, the HTTP header might not always reveal the underlying web server. For example, if your WordPress site is behind a proxy service such as Cloudflare, the server HTTP header will then say cloudflare instead.

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nginx documentationenglishрусскийnewsaboutdownloadsecuritydocumentationfaqbookssupporttractwitterblogunitnjsnginx documentationIntroduction

Installing nginx

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Beginner’s Guide

Admin’s Guide

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Connection processing methods

Setting up hashes

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Configuration file measurement units

Command-line parameters

nginx for Windows

Support for QUIC and HTTP/3

How nginx processes a request

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“The Architecture of Open Source Applications”

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Core functionality

ngx_http_core_module

ngx_http_access_module

ngx_http_addition_module

ngx_http_api_module

ngx_http_auth_basic_module

ngx_http_auth_jwt_module

ngx_http_auth_request_module

ngx_http_autoindex_module

ngx_http_browser_module

ngx_http_charset_module

ngx_http_dav_module

ngx_http_empty_gif_module

ngx_http_f4f_module

ngx_http_fastcgi_module

ngx_http_flv_module

ngx_http_geo_module

ngx_http_geoip_module

ngx_http_grpc_module

ngx_http_gunzip_module

ngx_http_gzip_module

ngx_http_gzip_static_module

ngx_http_headers_module

ngx_http_hls_module

ngx_http_image_filter_module

ngx_http_index_module

ngx_http_internal_redirect_module

ngx_http_js_module

ngx_http_keyval_module

ngx_http_limit_conn_module

ngx_http_limit_req_module

ngx_http_log_module

ngx_http_map_module

ngx_http_memcached_module

ngx_http_mirror_module

ngx_http_mp4_module

ngx_http_perl_module

ngx_http_proxy_module

ngx_http_proxy_protocol_vendor_module

ngx_http_random_index_module

ngx_http_realip_module

ngx_http_referer_module

ngx_http_rewrite_module

ngx_http_scgi_module

ngx_http_secure_link_module

ngx_http_session_log_module

ngx_http_slice_module

ngx_http_split_clients_module

ngx_http_ssi_module

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ngx_http_status_module

ngx_http_stub_status_module

ngx_http_sub_module

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ngx_stream_mqtt_preread_module

ngx_stream_mqtt_filter_module

ngx_stream_proxy_module

ngx_stream_proxy_protocol_vendor_module

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ngx_stream_return_module

ngx_stream_set_module

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NGINX Reverse Proxy

Configure NGINX as a reverse proxy for HTTP and other protocols, with support for modifying request headers and fine-tuned buffering of responses.

This article describes the basic configuration of a proxy server. You will learn how to pass a request from NGINX to proxied servers over different protocols, modify client request headers that are sent to the proxied server, and configure buffering of responses coming from the proxied servers.

Introduction

Proxying is typically used to distribute the load among several servers, seamlessly show content from different websites, or pass requests for processing to application servers over protocols other than HTTP.

Passing a Request to a Proxied Server

When NGINX proxies a request, it sends the request to a specified proxied server, fetches the response, and sends it back to the client. It is possible to proxy requests to an HTTP server (another NGINX server or any other server) or a non-HTTP server (which can run an application developed with a specific framework, such as PHP or Python) using a specified protocol. Supported protocols include FastCGI, uwsgi, SCGI, and memcached.

To pass a request to an HTTP proxied server, the proxy_pass directive is specified inside a location. For example:

location /some/path/ {

proxy_pass http://www.example.com/link/;

}

This example configuration results in passing all requests processed in this location to the proxied server at the specified address. This address can be specified as a domain name or an IP address. The address may also include a port:

location ~ \.php {

proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;

}

Note that in the first example above, the address of the proxied server is followed by a URI, /link/. If the URI is specified along with the address, it replaces the part of the request URI that matches the location parameter. For example, here the request with the /some/path/page.html URI will be proxied to http://www.example.com/link/page.html. If the address is specified without a URI, or it is not possible to determine the part of URI to be replaced, the full request URI is passed (possibly, modified).

To pass a request to a non-HTTP proxied server, the appropriate **_pass directive should be used:

fastcgi_pass passes a request to a FastCGI server

uwsgi_pass passes a request to a uwsgi server

scgi_pass passes a request to an SCGI server

memcached_pass passes a request to a memcached server

Note that in these cases, the rules for specifying addresses may be different. You may also need to pass additional parameters to the server (see the reference documentation for more detail).

The proxy_pass directive can also point to a named group of servers. In this case, requests are distributed among the servers in the group according to the specified method.

Passing Request Headers

By default, NGINX redefines two header fields in proxied requests, “Host” and “Connection”, and eliminates the header fields whose values are empty strings. “Host” is set to the $proxy_host variable, and “Connection” is set to close.

To change these setting, as well as modify other header fields, use the proxy_set_header directive. This directive can be specified in a location or higher. It can also be specified in a particular server context or in the http block. For example:

location /some/path/ {

proxy_set_header Host $host;

proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;

proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;

}

In this configuration the “Host” field is set to the $host variable.

To prevent a header field from being passed to the proxied server, set it to an empty string as follows:

location /some/path/ {

proxy_set_header Accept-Encoding "";

proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;

}

Configuring Buffers

By default NGINX buffers responses from proxied servers. A response is stored in the internal buffers and is not sent to the client until the whole response is received. Buffering helps to optimize performance with slow clients, which can waste proxied server time if the response is passed from NGINX to the client synchronously. However, when buffering is enabled NGINX allows the proxied server to process responses quickly, while NGINX stores the responses for as much time as the clients need to download them.

The directive that is responsible for enabling and disabling buffering is proxy_buffering. By default it is set to on and buffering is enabled.

The proxy_buffers directive controls the size and the number of buffers allocated for a request. The first part of the response from a proxied server is stored in a separate buffer, the size of which is set with the proxy_buffer_size directive. This part usually contains a comparatively small response header and can be made smaller than the buffers for the rest of the response.

In the following example, the default number of buffers is increased and the size of the buffer for the first portion of the response is made smaller than the default.

location /some/path/ {

proxy_buffers 16 4k;

proxy_buffer_size 2k;

proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;

}

If buffering is disabled, the response is sent to the client synchronously while it is receiving it from the proxied server. This behavior may be desirable for fast interactive clients that need to start receiving the response as soon as possible.

To disable buffering in a specific location, place the proxy_buffering directive in the location with the off parameter, as follows:

location /some/path/ {

proxy_buffering off;

proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;

}

In this case NGINX uses only the buffer configured by proxy_buffer_size to store the current part of a response.

A common use of a reverse proxy is to provide load balancing. Learn how to improve power, performance, and focus on your apps with rapid deployment in the free Five Reasons to Choose a Software Load Balancer ebook.

Choosing an Outgoing IP Address

If your proxy server has several network interfaces, sometimes you might need to choose a particular source IP address for connecting to a proxied server or an upstream. This may be useful if a proxied server behind NGINX is configured to accept connections from particular IP networks or IP address ranges.

Specify the proxy_bind directive and the IP address of the necessary network interface:

location /app1/ {

proxy_bind 127.0.0.1;

proxy_pass http://example.com/app1/;

}

location /app2/ {

proxy_bind 127.0.0.2;

proxy_pass http://example.com/app2/;

}

The IP address can be also specified with a variable. For example, the $server_addr variable passes the IP address of the network interface that accepted the request:

location /app3/ {

proxy_bind $server_addr;

proxy_pass http://example.com/app3/;

}

What's on This Page

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Passing a Request to a Proxied Server

Passing Request Headers

Configuring Buffers

Choosing an Outgoing IP Address

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Created in 2004 by Igor Sysoev to handle large amounts of concurrent connections, Nginx is a popular web server used to host some of the largest and most high-traffic sites on the internet.

To learn more about Nginx, visit our comprehensive list of resources related to Nginx.

Thanks for learning with the DigitalOcean Community. Check out our offerings for compute, storage, networking, and managed databases.

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About the authorsLyn MuldrowauthorSenior Developer EducatorSoftware engineer, writer, and speaker who loves solving problems and educating the next generation.

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Beginner’s Guide

Beginner’s GuideenglishрусскийnewsaboutdownloadsecuritydocumentationfaqbookssupporttractwitterblogunitnjsBeginner’s GuideStarting, Stopping, and Reloading ConfigurationConfiguration File’s StructureServing Static ContentSetting Up a Simple Proxy ServerSetting Up FastCGI Proxying

This guide gives a basic introduction to nginx and describes some

simple tasks that can be done with it.

It is supposed that nginx is already installed on the reader’s machine.

If it is not, see the Installing nginx page.

This guide describes how to start and stop nginx, and reload its

configuration, explains the structure

of the configuration file and describes how to set up nginx

to serve out static content, how to configure nginx as a proxy

server, and how to connect it with a FastCGI application.

nginx has one master process and several worker processes.

The main purpose of the master process is to read and evaluate configuration,

and maintain worker processes.

Worker processes do actual processing of requests.

nginx employs event-based model and OS-dependent mechanisms to efficiently

distribute requests among worker processes.

The number of worker processes is defined in the configuration file and

may be fixed for a given configuration or automatically adjusted to the

number of available CPU cores (see

worker_processes).

The way nginx and its modules work is determined in the configuration file.

By default, the configuration file is named nginx.conf

and placed in the directory

/usr/local/nginx/conf,

/etc/nginx, or

/usr/local/etc/nginx.

Starting, Stopping, and Reloading Configuration

To start nginx, run the executable file.

Once nginx is started, it can be controlled by invoking the executable

with the -s parameter.

Use the following syntax:

nginx -s signal

Where signal may be one of the following:

stop — fast shutdown

quit — graceful shutdown

reload — reloading the configuration file

reopen — reopening the log files

For example, to stop nginx processes with waiting for the worker processes

to finish serving current requests, the following command can be executed:

nginx -s quit

This command should be executed under the same user that

started nginx.

Changes made in the configuration file

will not be applied until the command to reload configuration is

sent to nginx or it is restarted.

To reload configuration, execute:

nginx -s reload

Once the master process receives the signal to reload configuration,

it checks the syntax validity

of the new configuration file and tries to apply the configuration provided

in it.

If this is a success, the master process starts new worker processes

and sends messages to old worker processes, requesting them to

shut down.

Otherwise, the master process rolls back the changes and

continues to work with the old configuration.

Old worker processes, receiving a command to shut down,

stop accepting new connections and continue to service current requests until

all such requests are serviced.

After that, the old worker processes exit.

A signal may also be sent to nginx processes with the help of Unix tools

such as the kill utility.

In this case a signal is sent directly to a process with a given process ID.

The process ID of the nginx master process is written, by default, to the

nginx.pid in the directory

/usr/local/nginx/logs or

/var/run.

For example, if the master process ID is 1628, to send the QUIT signal

resulting in nginx’s graceful shutdown, execute:

kill -s QUIT 1628

For getting the list of all running nginx processes, the ps

utility may be used, for example, in the following way:

ps -ax | grep nginx

For more information on sending signals to nginx, see

Controlling nginx.

Configuration File’s Structure

nginx consists of modules which are controlled by directives specified

in the configuration file.

Directives are divided into simple directives and block directives.

A simple directive consists of the name and parameters separated by spaces

and ends with a semicolon (;).

A block directive has the same structure as a simple directive, but

instead of the semicolon it ends with a set of additional instructions

surrounded by braces ({ and }).

If a block directive can have other directives inside braces,

it is called a context (examples:

events,

http,

server,

and

location).

Directives placed in the configuration file outside

of any contexts are considered to be in the

main context.

The events and http directives

reside in the main context, server

in http, and location in

server.

The rest of a line after the # sign is considered a comment.

Serving Static Content

An important web server task is serving out

files (such as images or static HTML pages).

You will implement an example where, depending on the request,

files will be served from different local directories: /data/www

(which may contain HTML files) and /data/images

(containing images).

This will require editing of the configuration file and setting up of a

server

block inside the http

block with two location

blocks.

First, create the /data/www directory and put an

index.html file with any text content into it and

create the /data/images directory and place some

images in it.

Next, open the configuration file.

The default configuration file already includes several examples of

the server block, mostly commented out.

For now comment out all such blocks and start a new

server block:

http {

server {

}

Generally, the configuration file may include several

server blocks

distinguished by ports on which

they listen to

and by

server names.

Once nginx decides which server processes a request,

it tests the URI specified in the request’s header against the parameters of the

location directives defined inside the

server block.

Add the following location block to the

server block:

location / {

root /data/www;

}

This location block specifies the

“/” prefix compared with the URI from the request.

For matching requests, the URI will be added to the path specified in the

root

directive, that is, to /data/www,

to form the path to the requested file on the local file system.

If there are several matching location blocks nginx

selects the one with the longest prefix.

The location block above provides the shortest

prefix, of length one,

and so only if all other location

blocks fail to provide a match, this block will be used.

Next, add the second location block:

location /images/ {

root /data;

}

It will be a match for requests starting with /images/

(location / also matches such requests,

but has shorter prefix).

The resulting configuration of the server block should

look like this:

server {

location / {

root /data/www;

}

location /images/ {

root /data;

}

This is already a working configuration of a server that listens

on the standard port 80 and is accessible on the local machine at

http://localhost/.

In response to requests with URIs starting with /images/,

the server will send files from the /data/images directory.

For example, in response to the

http://localhost/images/example.png request nginx will

send the /data/images/example.png file.

If such file does not exist, nginx will send a response

indicating the 404 error.

Requests with URIs not starting with /images/ will be

mapped onto the /data/www directory.

For example, in response to the

http://localhost/some/example.html request nginx will

send the /data/www/some/example.html file.

To apply the new configuration, start nginx if it is not yet started or

send the reload signal to the nginx’s master process,

by executing:

nginx -s reload

In case something does not work as expected, you may try to find out

the reason in access.log and

error.log files in the directory

/usr/local/nginx/logs or

/var/log/nginx.

Setting Up a Simple Proxy Server

One of the frequent uses of nginx is setting it up as a proxy server, which

means a server that receives requests, passes them to the proxied servers,

retrieves responses from them, and sends them to the clients.

We will configure a basic proxy server, which serves requests of

images with files from the local directory and sends all other requests to a

proxied server.

In this example, both servers will be defined on a single nginx instance.

First, define the proxied server by adding one more server

block to the nginx’s configuration file with the following contents:

server {

listen 8080;

root /data/up1;

location / {

}

This will be a simple server that listens on the port 8080

(previously, the listen directive has not been specified

since the standard port 80 was used) and maps

all requests to the /data/up1 directory on the local

file system.

Create this directory and put the index.html file into it.

Note that the root directive is placed in the

server context.

Such root directive is used when the

location block selected for serving a request does not

include its own root directive.

Next, use the server configuration from the previous section

and modify it to make it a proxy server configuration.

In the first location block, put the

proxy_pass

directive with the protocol, name and port of the proxied server specified

in the parameter (in our case, it is http://localhost:8080):

server {

location / {

proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;

}

location /images/ {

root /data;

}

We will modify the second location

block, which currently maps requests with the /images/

prefix to the files under the /data/images directory,

to make it match the requests of images with typical file extensions.

The modified location block looks like this:

location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {

root /data/images;

}

The parameter is a regular expression matching all URIs ending

with .gif, .jpg, or .png.

A regular expression should be preceded with ~.

The corresponding requests will be mapped to the /data/images

directory.

When nginx selects a location block to serve a request

it first checks location

directives that specify prefixes, remembering location

with the longest prefix, and then checks regular expressions.

If there is a match with a regular expression, nginx picks this

location or, otherwise, it picks the one remembered earlier.

The resulting configuration of a proxy server will look like this:

server {

location / {

proxy_pass http://localhost:8080/;

}

location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {

root /data/images;

}

This server will filter requests ending with .gif,

.jpg, or .png

and map them to the /data/images directory (by adding URI to the

root directive’s parameter) and pass all other requests

to the proxied server configured above.

To apply new configuration, send the reload signal to

nginx as described in the previous sections.

There are many more

directives that may be used to further configure a proxy connection.

Setting Up FastCGI Proxying

nginx can be used to route requests to FastCGI servers which run

applications built with various frameworks and programming languages

such as PHP.

The most basic nginx configuration to work with a FastCGI server

includes using the

fastcgi_pass

directive instead of the proxy_pass directive,

and fastcgi_param

directives to set parameters passed to a FastCGI server.

Suppose the FastCGI server is accessible on localhost:9000.

Taking the proxy configuration from the previous section as a basis,

replace the proxy_pass directive with the

fastcgi_pass directive and change the parameter to

localhost:9000.

In PHP, the SCRIPT_FILENAME parameter is used for

determining the script name, and the QUERY_STRING

parameter is used to pass request parameters.

The resulting configuration would be:

server {

location / {

fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;

}

location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {

root /data/images;

}

This will set up a server that will route all requests except for

requests for static images to the proxied server operating on

localhost:9000 through the FastCGI protocol.

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Beginner’s Guide

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