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e.orgICODE提醒您：International Council of Design | International Council of Design
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designing for humanity
In the current state of the world, it can feel like we are losing our humanity. Technology is creating uncontrollable polarisation. The effects of climate disturbances and political turmoil are driving great migrations of people creating refugee crises, mass starvation and the rise of racist movements. Through all this, we are hopeful. While there is a human capacity to detach from the larger systems in which we work, we know that design, as a profession, is more committed to tuning in and designing for humanity. We are inspired to see a range of new design communities around the world organising themselves to make positive change.
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02.12.2024 Member news
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a unified voice for global design
Our membership traverses multiple perspectives and vast geographies. Connected to other networks through the Council, ICoD Members co-create a unified voice for the global design community, driving high level dialogue about design’s leading role in society, culture and the economy.
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China Productivity Center
Design Center of the Philippines
Design Council Busan
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Hong Kong Design Centre (HKDC)
iF International Forum Design GmbH
Japan Institute of Design Promotion (JDP)
Korea Craft and Design Foundation (KCDF)
Macau Design Centre
Shenzhen Culture, Creativity & Design Association
Taiwan Design Research Institute (TDRI)
Zhejiang Modern Intelligence and Manufacturing Promotion Center(DIA)
Zhuhai Macau Design Centre
Educational Members
Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Université de Balamand
American University in Dubai
American University in the Emirates
American University of Beirut
American University of Kuwait
Anáhuac University
Applied Science Private University
Applied Science University
Arkin University of Creative Arts and Design (ARUCAD)
ArtCenter College of Design
Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
Beijing Institute of Technology
Central Academy of Fine Arts of China (CAFA)
Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts London
Cindrebay School of Design
Cyprus International University
Deakin University
Eastern Mediterranean University
Emily Carr University
Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera
Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral
Greenside Design Center
Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
Gulf University
Hong Kong Design Institute (HKDI)
Indian Institute of Technology | Industrial Design Center
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Instituto Profesional Duoc UC
INTI International College Subang
İstanbul Gelisim University
Izmir University of Economics
Jadara University
Jakarta Institute of the Arts / Institut Kesenian Jakarta
Jilin Animation Institute
KIIT School of Fashion Technology
Lebanese American University
London College of Communication, University of the Arts London
Luxun Academy of Fine Arts
Manchester School of Art
Musashino Art University
Nanyang Technological University
Özyeğin University
Ravensbourne
Red Académica de Diseño (RAD)
RMIT University
Royal College of Art
School of Design & Innovation of China Academy of Art
Shandong University of Art and Design
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute
Stellenbosch Academy of Design and Photography
Stroganov Moscow State University Design and Applied Arts
Swinburne University of Technology
Tarumanagara University, Faculty of Visual Arts and Design
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Tsinghua University | Academy of Arts and Design
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Universidad Da Vinci de Guatemala
Universidad de Monterrey
Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de Mexico
Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
University for the Creative Arts
University of Alberta
University of Brighton
University of Lapland
University of Melbourne [The]
Wuhan Institute of Design and Sciences
Xi'an Eurasian University
Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts
Professional Members
African Institute of the Interior Design Professions (IID) [The]
AIAP Associazione italiana design della comunicazione visiva
AIGA San Diego Tijuana
Association of Hungarian Fine Artists (MKISZ)
Association of Polish Graphic Designers
Association of Registered Graphic Designers (RGD)
Associazione per il Disegno Industriale (ADI)
Bienal del Cartel Bolivia BICeBé | Bolivia Poster Biennial BICeBé
Bienal Internacional del Cartel en México A. C. / CSO International Poster Biennial in Mexico
Brno Biennale Association
Design Austria (DA)
Design Institute of Australia (DIA)
Design Professionals of Canada (DesCan)
Grafia - Association of Visual Communication Designers in Finland
Grafill
Graphic Artists Guild
Graphic Arts Association of Zimbabwe (GRAAZI)
Graphic Design Association of Malaysia (wREGA)
Graphic Design Association of Taiwan
Hong Kong Designers Association (HKDA)
Hrvatsko dizajnersko društvo / Croatian Designers Association (HDD)
Indonesia Graphic Designers Association (ADGI)
Iranian Graphic Designers Society (IGDS)
Israel Community of Designers (ICD)
Japan Graphic Design Association Inc. (JAGDA)
Korea Ensemble of Contemporary Design (KECD)
Lebanese Graphic Design Syndicate
Lithuanian Design Association (LDA)
Société des designers graphiques du Québec (SDGQ)
Svenska Tecknare
Swiss Graphic Designers (SGD)
The One Club for Creativity
Turkish Graphic Designers Association (GMK)
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Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI)
Bureau of European Design Associations (BEDA)
Design Alliance Asia (tDA Asia) [The]
Design Management Institute (DMI)
EIDD - Design for All Europe
European Brand and Packaging Design Organisation (EPDO)
International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media (Cumulus)
International Federation of Interior Architects/Designers (IFI)
International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFFRO)
International Institute for Information Design
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Society of Typographic Designers [ISTD Ltd]
Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (OHIM)
Pan-Afrikan Design Institute (PADI)
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Design Alliance Asia (tDA Asia) [The]
Design Management Institute (DMI)
EIDD - Design for All Europe
European Brand and Packaging Design Organisation (EPDO)
International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media (Cumulus)
International Federation of Interior Architects/Designers (IFI)
International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFFRO)
International Institute for Information Design
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Society of Typographic Designers [ISTD Ltd]
Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (OHIM)
Pan-Afrikan Design Institute (PADI)
UNESCO
UNIDO
Women Designers' Forum
World Design Organization (WDO)
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
Educational members
Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Université de Balamand
American University in Dubai
American University in the Emirates
American University of Beirut
American University of Kuwait
Anáhuac University
Applied Science Private University
Applied Science University
Arkin University of Creative Arts and Design (ARUCAD)
ArtCenter College of Design
Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
Beijing Institute of Technology
Central Academy of Fine Arts of China (CAFA)
Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts London
Cindrebay School of Design
Cyprus International University
Deakin University
Eastern Mediterranean University
Emily Carr University
Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera
Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral
Greenside Design Center
Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
Gulf University
Hong Kong Design Institute (HKDI)
Indian Institute of Technology | Industrial Design Center
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Instituto Profesional Duoc UC
INTI International College Subang
İstanbul Gelisim University
Izmir University of Economics
Jadara University
Jakarta Institute of the Arts / Institut Kesenian Jakarta
Jilin Animation Institute
KIIT School of Fashion Technology
Lebanese American University
London College of Communication, University of the Arts London
Luxun Academy of Fine Arts
Manchester School of Art
Musashino Art University
Nanyang Technological University
Özyeğin University
Ravensbourne
Red Académica de Diseño (RAD)
RMIT University
Royal College of Art
School of Design & Innovation of China Academy of Art
Shandong University of Art and Design
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute
Stellenbosch Academy of Design and Photography
Stroganov Moscow State University Design and Applied Arts
Swinburne University of Technology
Tarumanagara University, Faculty of Visual Arts and Design
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Tsinghua University | Academy of Arts and Design
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Universidad Da Vinci de Guatemala
Universidad de Monterrey
Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de Mexico
Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
University for the Creative Arts
University of Alberta
University of Brighton
University of Lapland
University of Melbourne [The]
Wuhan Institute of Design and Sciences
Xi'an Eurasian University
Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts
Professional members
African Institute of the Interior Design Professions (IID) [The]
AIAP Associazione italiana design della comunicazione visiva
AIGA San Diego Tijuana
Association of Hungarian Fine Artists (MKISZ)
Association of Polish Graphic Designers
Association of Registered Graphic Designers (RGD)
Associazione per il Disegno Industriale (ADI)
Bienal del Cartel Bolivia BICeBé | Bolivia Poster Biennial BICeBé
Bienal Internacional del Cartel en México A. C. / CSO International Poster Biennial in Mexico
Brno Biennale Association
Design Austria (DA)
Design Institute of Australia (DIA)
Design Professionals of Canada (DesCan)
Grafia - Association of Visual Communication Designers in Finland
Grafill
Graphic Artists Guild
Graphic Arts Association of Zimbabwe (GRAAZI)
Graphic Design Association of Malaysia (wREGA)
Graphic Design Association of Taiwan
Hong Kong Designers Association (HKDA)
Hrvatsko dizajnersko društvo / Croatian Designers Association (HDD)
Indonesia Graphic Designers Association (ADGI)
Iranian Graphic Designers Society (IGDS)
Israel Community of Designers (ICD)
Japan Graphic Design Association Inc. (JAGDA)
Korea Ensemble of Contemporary Design (KECD)
Lebanese Graphic Design Syndicate
Lithuanian Design Association (LDA)
Société des designers graphiques du Québec (SDGQ)
Svenska Tecknare
Swiss Graphic Designers (SGD)
The One Club for Creativity
Turkish Graphic Designers Association (GMK)
Promotional members
Beijing Design Week
Centro Cultural Pablo de la Torriente Brau
China Productivity Center
Design Center of the Philippines
Design Council Busan
Hiiibrand
Hong Kong Design Centre (HKDC)
iF International Forum Design GmbH
Japan Institute of Design Promotion (JDP)
Korea Craft and Design Foundation (KCDF)
Macau Design Centre
Shenzhen Culture, Creativity & Design Association
Taiwan Design Research Institute (TDRI)
Zhejiang Modern Intelligence and Manufacturing Promotion Center(DIA)
Zhuhai Macau Design Centre
Sicod special network
International design media network (idmn)
+Design Magazine
2+3D grafika plus produkt
3x3
90+10 Magazine
Aperture Magazine
Applied Arts Magazine
Arab Ad
Arabic Typography
BranD
Communication Arts
Creative Quarterly, The Journal of Art & Design
d[x]i Magazine
Design 360° - Concept and Design Magazine
Design India
DesignTAXI
Emzin Institute of Creative Production / Emzin zavod za kreativno produkcijo
étapes : international
étapes:
étapes:
european packaging design organisation
form
Grafik Tasarim magazine
Identity
IdN Magazine
Information Design Journal
KLIK Creativity and Innovations Magazine
Neshan
Netdiver
novum – World of Graphic Design
Package & Design
Revista abcDesign / abcDesign Magazine
The MIT Press
TYPO
Urbania
Zupi magazine
connect
Say hi
E: info@theicod.org
T: +1 514 875 7545
CP 519 Succ. Place d’Armes
Montréal, Québec H2Y 3H3 Canada
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The Council
About
who we are
We are a Council of independent Member organisations—a global network that shares common issues, commitments and standards. Members create a unified voice for the global design community and drive a high level dialogue on the leading role design plays in society, culture and the economy. ICoD is the world’s largest representative of professional designer entities.
115
organisations
57
countries
Founded in 1963 as Icograda— the International Council of Graphic Design Associations, the International Council of Design (ICoD) is an international non-governmental organisation headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
When the Council was founded, almost six decades ago, the world was a very different place. Distances between continents were greater, information was scarce, and graphic design was a profession with very clear boundaries.
So much has changed. Today, technology has connected every corner of the earth, making it possible to work across time zones, connect at the touch of a button, and share a common, on-going, evolution of the state of design almost in real-time. The ubiquity of accessible, digital tools has made 'design' available for everyone, including non-designers, simultaneously elevating its importance and blurring the lines between professional and non-professional work.
Technology has also opened up whole new channels for the application of design. In terms of graphic design, print led the way to web, multimedia, interaction and also started to spark interesting off-shoots, integrating visual design language into architecture, high-tech, entertainment, music and a seemingly unlimited evolution of hybrid forms. Similar developments affected the other design disciplines— vastly increasing interaction between them.
The Council’s Members, originally 28 professional graphic design associations from 17 European countries, have themselves evolved tremendously. Our Membership has become increasingly diverse geographically; we have incorporated educational institutions (who are forming the designers of tomorrow); and national governments have increasingly become aware of the power of design and now support design councils and promotional bodies to leverage this. These too have become Members.
The context in which we operate today has also changed. The design industry has become increasingly large and complex, with private and public entities sprouting up to fill the needs of a global, connected audience. Design touches governments and cities through innovation and service architecture. It is viewed in museums, and discussed on television. It is part of pop-culture and also central to many of the debates around quality of life—with increasing impact on health, environment, management of population growth and displacement.
Today we are a multidisciplinary Council with renewed vitality and clarity of vision. While remaining true to the legacy of our core values, we have refined our initiatives, re-shaping how our actions respond to the needs of our Members and the larger design community.
what we stand for
The Council’s mission is to increase the recognition of the value of design, to elevate the global standards of all design disciplines, and to improve the situation of individual designers everywhere.
As an international council representing diverse regions and perspectives, we know that there is no ‘one viewpoint’. Inclusiveness is a core value: whether it means talking about accessible design or gender parity on design juries, or the importance of having a Board representing different member types, different geographical regions and different design disciplines, we know that diversity is our strength, and that for our community, connecting with the full range of the human experience makes the organisation richer.
We strive to work with integrity. We represent designers first and foremost and are an organisation with a long history of ‘doing the right thing’ even when it meant making the hard choices.
The good of the community comes before the short-term gain of the organisation. We work well with others and invest resources in building communities. We know that we can do more together, and that collaboration is a way to multiply our impact. We are not competitive and if we know that there is someone else doing something well, we will support it. We are idealists. We think all designers are. When your profession is based on making, manifesting and building a future that is better than the one we have today, you develop that mentality. We advocate for environmental responsibility, for social justice, for cultural preservation and we believe that if we work on it hard enough, it is possible to build a better world— for everyone— by design.
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T: +1 514 875 7545
CP 519 Succ. Place d’Armes
Montréal, Québec H2Y 3H3 Canada
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ico-D is now ICoD | International Council of Design
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ico-D is now ICoD
ico-D is now ICoD
02.09.2020 Announcements
In 2014, to reflect becoming multidisciplinary, our name changed to the International Council of Design. The acronym we had used for over 50 years, Icograda, was replaced by a contracted version, ico-D, pronounced ay-coh-dee and ee-coh-dee. In the interim a little something called ‘social media’ has blossomed. The special character, a dash: “-”, rendered our name un-hash-tag-able and un @-able, something of an impediment in this day and age.
With our new web presence forthcoming, we are moving towards more cohesive identification across our platforms.
The acronym for the International Council of Design is now ICoD (replacing ico-D). You will see this acronym deployed throughout all our platforms and publications (still pronounced the same as it always was!)
World Design Day has become International Design Day.
We hope that these small adjustments will make it easier for all you to interface with us across all platforms. Questions? Contact our Communications Officer, Alisha Piercy at communications@ico-d.org
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比较所有方案
重要数据，存得安心。
iCloud 照片可将高分辨率照片和视频原片始终安全地存储在 iCloud 中并加以保护，各个设备上则保留节省空间的较小版本。所以，无论是昨天刚拍的狗狗探海视频，还是多年前的好友留影，所有珍藏随时随地都能存取并分享。
共享照片图库用来交流照片和视频再理想不过了，最多可与五人分享无间。共享图库内容会显示在“精选照片”和“回忆”中，让大家拍下的照片一起帮你重温精彩旅程。
共享相簿则能让你轻松地将特定照片分享给特定的人，比如，可以将你和朋友分别拍的自驾游照片合并起来，也可以让家人一路了解孩子的探险之旅。当相簿有更新时，分享圈中的亲友就会收到通知，而且人人都能随时添加照片、视频和评论。
iCloud 云盘让你无论在使用什么设备都能轻松取用并分享所保存的文件和文件夹。从 iOS 和 iPadOS 设备上的文件 app、Mac 上的访达 app、Windows PC 上的 File Explorer，或是 iCloud.com 都能轻松接入。
iCloud 云备份可在 iPhone 或 iPad 连接到电源和无线局域网时自动备份设备上包括所有常用 app 在内的重要内容，帮你保持备份始终是新版的2。
恢复设备或设置新机时利用 iCloud 云备份，照片、文件、通信录、聊天记录、app 和设置等统统归位，一切就和从前一样。
常用的，必需的，到哪都在你手边。
iCloud.com 设计一新，让你在各种设备上都能轻松查看、管理并编辑 iCloud 中的存储内容。有了 Windows 版 iCloud app，你更可在 PC 上直接访问存在 iCloud 中的照片和文件。
访问 iCloud.com
备忘录。在 Mac 上随手列个简明任务清单，外出时用 iPhone 就能打开查看。
日历。在路上也能把日程安排得明明白白，还能与亲友分享各种活动，如读书俱乐部聚会、足球训练和假期计划等。
照片。随时随地，任何设备，都能浏览、编辑和分享照片及视频。
Safari 浏览器。设置的标签页和书签会自动保持更新，所以之前是在网购也好，在做调研作业也好，切换到其他设备上都能立即原地继续。
密码和钥匙串。能安全地储存你的密码，再配合自动填充功能，登录常用 app 和网站好轻松。
通讯录。亲朋好友的手机号码和电子邮件地址都会保持同步，方便你用各种设备保持联系。
轻松协作并共享文件、文件夹及文档等，旅途中一样办得到，发送一个私人链接就行，还能控制他人能否查看、分享或编辑内容。得益于实时的更新，你还能当场看到他们作出的编辑。
更私密，更周全，更宽心。
生成随机邮件地址: stapled.11.rueful@icloud.com
生成随机邮件地址: 11lattes_besties@icloud.com
生成随机邮件地址: golfer_11orbital@icloud.com
隐藏邮件地址可通过一个随机生成的唯一电邮地址，将邮件自动转发到你的个人邮箱，该地址甚至还能用以回复邮件。因此在网上填表或进行订阅时，就不用分享真实的电邮地址了。
HomeKit 安防视频可录下安防摄像头所侦测到的活动，在家居中枢设备上加以分析，然后上传到 iCloud，让你身在何处都能通过家庭 app 查看。相关视频影像采用端到端加密，始终保证私密性，且只有你允许的人才能读取3。
查看兼容的安防摄像头
有事， 在哪都能展开说。
iCloud 邮件与 iPhone、iPad 和 Mac 上的邮件 app 无缝整合，而 iCloud.com 更让你在哪都能轻松收发电子邮件。诸如垃圾邮件防护和反网络钓鱼等内置安全功能，可预先侦测并拦截垃圾邮件，为你的收件箱把关。要设置自己的 @icloud.com 地址也非常简单。
信息 app 中能编辑内容、使用“点回”，以及撤销已发出的信息，让你随心掌控对话。通过 iCloud 同步时，对话流畅无阻，因为每条信息在各种设备上都经过备份并端到端加密，始终保持一致。
信息显示： 嘿，还在吗？
信息显示： 稍等，我改用 iPhone 聊。
重播
选择适合自己的方案。
所有 iCloud+ 方案均可与家人共用。
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iCloud
iCloud+
功能
免费
每月RMB 6/月
每月RMB 21/月
每月RMB 68/月
每月RMB 198/月
每月RMB 398/月
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
5GB
50GB
200GB
2TB
6TB
12TB
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
包含
包含
包含
包含
包含
包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
不包含
包含
包含
包含
包含
包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
不包含
1 个摄像头
5 个摄像头
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家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
不包含
包含
包含
包含
包含
包含
iCloud
5GB
免费
包含
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
5GB
包含
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
不包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
不包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
不包含
家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
iCloud+
50GB
每月RMB 6/月
包含
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
50GB
包含
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
1 个摄像头
包含
家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
iCloud+
200GB
每月RMB 21/月
包含
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
200GB
包含
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
5 个摄像头
包含
家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
iCloud+
2TB
每月RMB 68/月
包含
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
2TB
包含
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
不限数量摄像头
包含
家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
iCloud+
6TB
每月RMB 198/月
包含
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
6TB
包含
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
不限数量摄像头
包含
家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
iCloud+
12TB
每月RMB 398/月
包含
存储容量
用于存放照片、文件和备份等内容的空间。
12TB
包含
自动同步
在各种设备上同步和存取你的数据。
包含
隐藏邮件地址
确保个人电子邮件地址的私密性。
包含
HomeKit 安防视频
储存、分析并查看来自家居安防摄像头的加密视频。
不限数量摄像头
包含
家人共享
能与最多五位家庭成员共享 iCloud+ 方案4。
有问，就有答。
iCloud+ 是什么？
iCloud+ 是一项高级订阅服务，它提供额外的存储空间，供你备份照片、视频、文件等资料，并自动让你可从各种设备上取用。另外，它也让你能使用隐藏邮件地址和 HomeKit 安防视频等功能，享受私密的互连体验。
我该如何升级至 iCloud+？
很简单。只需点按本页的升级链接，或在 iPhone、iPad 或 Mac 上前往 iCloud 设置，即可升级至 iCloud+。另外，符合资格的用户现在激活新 iPad 或 iPhone，即可免费试用 6 个月*。进一步了解
我的家人能共享 iCloud+ 方案吗？
可以。你可以与家人共享群组中的最多五位家人共享任意 iCloud+ 方案。每个人都能获取所需的存储空间，享有掌控个人隐私的多项功能，却无需按用户额外付费。一个订阅方案可供全家人共用，并且各人的文件、文档和其他个人信息均各自保密并独立区隔。
有免费的 iCloud 可用吗？
是的。当你首次使用 Apple ID 登录 iPhone、iPad 或 Mac 时，会获得 5GB 的 iCloud 免费存储空间。这样你便可以备份数据，并在各种设备和 iCloud.com 上同步个人信息。如希望获取额外的存储空间来存放所有数据，并使用隐藏邮件地址和 HomeKit 安防视频等功能，可选择升级至 iCloud+。
家人共享
iCloud+ 服务可与最多五位家庭成员共享，照片和文件各自独立区隔。
进一步了解家人共享
隐私
双重认证、高级数据保护，各种高招，让云端数据安全性再高一层。
进一步了解隐私
Apple 网页页脚
*
此优惠仅面向新订阅用户提供。用户须于 2023 年 1 月 1 日及以后激活符合条件的 iPhone 或 iPad。在优惠试用期结束后，订阅将按照你在优惠期内最终选定的 iCloud+ 方案，以中国大陆地区当前定价自动按月续订，直至取消订阅。无论你购买了多少部设备, 每个 Apple ID 仅可享受一次优惠；如果你或你的“家人共享”群组成员此前订阅过 iCloud+，则已订阅用户无法享受此优惠。符合条件的设备激活后，需要在 3 个月内领取此优惠。须遵守限制条件与其他条款。
某些 iCloud+ 功能仅适用于部分国家或地区。
如果先前购买或下载的内容已不在 App Store 之中，可能无法继续提供。
HomeKit 安防视频功能需要订阅支持的 iCloud+ 方案，使用兼容并支持 HomeKit 的安防摄像头，并将 HomePod 设置为家居中枢。
家人共享功能需要使用个人 Apple ID 来登录 iCloud 和 iTunes 账户。每个账户可将内容下载至最多 10 部设备，其中 5 部设备可以是电脑。需要使用 iOS 8 或更新版本和 OS X Yosemite 或更新版本以建立和加入家人共享群组，并且建议使用以上系统以实现全部功能。并非所有内容均适用于家人共享功能。家庭成员可以隐藏内容；已隐藏的内容不可下载。从家庭成员处下载的内容不适用“购买前询问”功能。
iCloud 要求使用安装 iOS 5 或更新系统的 iPhone 3Gs 或后续机型、iPod touch (第三代或后续机型)、iPad Pro、iPad 或后续机型、iPad Air 或后续机型、iPad mini 或后续机型；或安装 OS X Lion 10.7.5 或更新系统的 Mac 电脑；或安装 Windows 7 或 Windows 8 的 PC (要使用电子邮件、通讯录和日历，需使用 Outlook 2007 或更新版本，或最新版本的浏览器)。 某些功能要求使用 iOS 16、iPadOS 16 或 macOS Ventura。某些功能要求使用无线网络连接。某些功能仅适用于部分国家或地区。某些服务仅限 10 部设备进行访问。
iCloud 在中国内地由云上贵州 (云上艾珀 (贵州) 技术有限公司) 运营。
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ICDD-PDF卡片历史简介 - 知乎
ICDD-PDF卡片历史简介 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册ICDD-PDF卡片历史简介微构分析测试中心微信公众号：北达燕园微构分析测试中心（ labpku1）希望文章内容对您有所帮助，更多精彩文章可关注公众号：北达燕园微构分析测试中心（labpku1）；疑惑问题可拨打电话：400-0064-028 、010-62423361；公司网站：www.labpku.com，我们尽力向您解答。如果觉得文章还不错，点赞、分享或者收藏吧！我们愿和大家一起学习交流，共同提高。❤️❤️在介绍标准衍射卡片（Powder Diffraction File，PDF卡片）之前，简单介绍下X射线晶体学的起源，以期对国际衍射数据中心（ICDD）出版发行的PDF卡片数据库有更深一层的认识。1895年，伦琴（Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen）在实验室首次发现了X射线，1895年12月22日，伦琴采用X射线为夫人的手拍下了世界上第一张人类活体骨骼照片，上面还套着一枚象征爱情的戒指；在伦琴发表实验结果的随后一年中，超过200家医院验证了伦琴的实验，从此X射线被广泛应用于医疗诊断中。X射线的发现鼓舞了世界各地科学家，1912年，Max. von Laue猜想X射线通过晶体后也可能产生类似的斑点，在Laue的建议下，与W. von Friedrich和P. Knipping一起，将X射线照射到闪锌矿(ZnS)单晶中，通过透射的方法获得了世界上第一张X射线衍射照片，同时也证明了X射线可以描述为电磁波，并提出了Laue方程，使得采用X射线衍射的方法来确定晶体结构成为了可能，开创了X射线晶体学，成为物质结构分析的重要分支。因此Laue获得了1914年诺贝尔物理学奖（Forhis discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals）。ZnS晶体X射线衍射图-1912年 20世纪20年代，通过X射线衍射的方法确定了很多金属及合金的晶体结构。同时科学家也认识到，一种多晶物质对应特定的衍射花样，并且没有两种结晶物质可以给出完全相同的衍射花样。20世纪30年代，时任美国Dow Chemical公司的Don Hanawalt 和Ludo Frevel试图寻找一种物相鉴定的方法，1936年-1938年，Don Hanawalt, Ludo Frevel 和 Sid Rinn【1,2】发表了一系列的文章介绍利用粉末X射线衍射的方法来鉴定物相，Industrial & Engineering杂志编辑评论到“这是一种完备的、新的分析体系，无需知道晶体结构（Complete, new workable system of analysis…… without knowing thecrystal structure.）”。Don Hanawalt, Ludo Frevel 和 Sid Rinn搜集了大量固体粉末衍射数据，于1938年整理发布了第一批1054种重要化合物的数据作为物相定性分析的参考。1941年，在美国材料试验协会(ASTM)赞助下，美国Dow Chemical公司将这批数据以3in×5in(76.2mm× 127mm)的卡片形式再版发行，称为粉末衍射档案(PowderDiffraction File，PDF卡片)，合称第一辑(Set 1)。即便现在PDF卡片数据库早已变成了电子版的数据库，但依然沿用之前“PDF卡片”的名称。同时Hanawalt建立了Hanawalt检索物相方法，主要核心思想在于收集物相的粉末衍射图、抽取粉末衍射图中d-I（晶面间距d值和对应的衍射强度I）列表、采用衍射的三强线进行比对、然后再扩展到整个衍射图的比对来确定物相。最初发行的PDF卡片数据均为手写型，并相应的发行Hanawalt方法检索物相手册。第一张PDF卡片（手写板）早期的Hanawalt检索手册1941年，在ASTM、美国结晶学会、英国物理学会的共同支持下，成立用粉末衍射法进行化学分析的联合委员会，并先后发行了粉末衍射档案之Set 2(1945年)、Set3(1949年)、Set 4(1953年)、Set 5(1955年)，至此共收录了约4500张卡片。此后逐年增编，每年出版一辑，并分为有机和无机两部分，称为ASTM卡片，至1963年共出版13辑。纸质版的PDF卡片采用印刷体，每张卡片记录一种物相的相关数据，赋予卡片一个单独的编号xx-xxxx，其中破折号之前的数字为卡片所在辑号、之后的则为卡片在辑中序号。1941年出版的第一辑PDF卡片（摄于Hanawalt车内，1054张）所有PDF采用标准化格式，主要涵盖以下物相信息：1.卡片号：如 33-11612.衍射三强线的面间距d及相对衍射强度3.化学式，英文名称，质量标记等4.衍射分析的实验条件：靶材，单色器，温度等5.晶体学数据：晶系、空间群、晶胞参数、I/Ic等6.光学及其他物理性质7.物相其它资料和数据，试样来源、化学分析数据、处理条件、衍射温度、数据警告等8.物相所有的衍射数据：面间距d、相对强度I/I1、晶面指数hkl等纸质版PDF卡片：JCPDS No. 33-1161 （SiO2）1969年，粉末衍射法进行化学分析的联合委员会更名为国际粉末衍射标准联合委员会(The Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard，简称JCPDS)，继续负责编辑出版粉末衍射卡集，简称PDF卡片集，卡片号码也改称JCPDS No.，仍沿用之前的编码格式。1971年，JCPDS出版至第21辑卡片已拥有21500种晶体材料的衍射数据及衍射花样。此后每年出版一辑，在每一辑出版的众多新卡片中，既有新物相的卡片，也有对某些旧卡片加以修正的新卡片。由JCPDS出版的标准衍射数据卡片称PDF卡片或JCPDS卡片。1978年，为体现该工作的国际性，JCPDS正式更名为JCPDS衍射数据国际中心ICDD(International Center forDiffraction Data)。由ICDD出版的标准衍射数据卡片称为ICDD-PDF卡片，至1986年，ICDD收录发行的PDF卡片超过了46000张，依然采用纸质卡片形式出版发行。1941年到1985年，随着衍射仪精度的提高，ICDD收录的PDF卡片精度也在不断提高，主要表现在晶面间距d值精度的提高 (5-6位有效数字)、采用NIST（美国国家标准局）标样定期校正X射线衍射仪的角度和精度、 数字化的强度信息、晶面指标化信息等方面。PDF卡片照片（印刷体） 用于存放PDF卡片的柜子1987年，ICDD首次采用CD-ROM磁盘的形式，将所有的PDF卡片电子化，便于查找和检索，总的存储量小于1GB。这是PDF卡片发展史上堪称里程碑式的进步，电子化的PDF卡片数据库，让PDF数据库的使用更加便捷，更加广泛，功能得以大幅扩展。1987年，ICDD首次出版的PDF数据库光盘（约含有46000个物相）目前PDF卡片数据库数据不仅仅来自ICDD，同时也与世界上其他著名的晶体结构数据库合作，目前PDF数据库合作的数据库有：(1) 国际晶体结构数据库（01 International CrystalStructure Database， ICSD，FIZKarlsruhe，德国，即大家俗称的Findit无机物晶体结构数据库）；(2) 剑桥结构数据库（02 Cambridge Structure Database,CSD, CCDC Cambridge, 英国）；(3) 国家标准技术研究所（03 National Institute ofScience & Technology，NIST, Gaithersburg, MD，美国）；(4) 莱纳斯·鲍林文件（04 LinusPauling File，LPF, MPDS-Vitznau, 瑞士）。2021版PDF卡片数据库检索首页2009年起，ICDD正式将6组数字的PDF卡片号XX-XXXX正式更名为9组数字的PDF卡片号，即ZZ-XXX-XXXX。最前面两组数字表示数据的来源，分别为：00-ICDD；01-ICSD，02-CSD；03-NIST；04-LPF，05-ICDD Crystal。ICDD PDF No. 04-004-8489 （Co）2020年9月，ICDD出版发行的2021版PDF卡片数据库收录的有机物和无机物物相超过105万条。根据用户的需求不同，发行了不同类型的PDF数据库。主要有以下几种：2021版PDF数据库类型及收录情况ICDD目前发行的PDF-4系列的卡片，不单单是收录了物相的衍射信息，同时含有单晶结构数据、3D晶体结构、材料的物理化学性质、选取电子衍射图、菊池线、二维德拜环等，一张电子版的PDF卡片涵盖了一整套的物相信息。PDF卡片提供的物相信息--数字化粉末X射线衍射图PDF卡片提供的物相信息--选区电子衍射SAEDPDF卡片提供的物相信息--晶体3D结构PDF卡片提供的物相信息--二维德拜环PDF卡片提供的物相信息---电子背散射图（菊池线）为方便用户后续分析数据，ICDD目前提供多种PDF卡片下载格式，如保存文件格式为图片、cif、Bruker TOPAS File（*.str）、csv、*xy以及ICDD XMLFile等。ICDD PDF No. 04-014-5764 （TiO2）保存cif格式文件参考文献：Identificationof crystalline materials, classification and use of X-ray diffraction patterns,Don Hanawalt, Sid Rinn, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 1936-ACSPublications.ChemicalAnalysis by X-ray diffraction, Don Hanawalt, Sid Rinn, Ludo Frevel, Industrial& Engineering Chemistry, 1938-ACS Publications.北京北达智汇微构分析测试中心有限公司技术咨询服务包括：北京高校科技资源对接、危险废弃物梳理、环境影响评价、环保项目竣工验收、场地环境调查等多个领域。开展的分析测试服务包括：X射线衍射分析、土壤矿物检测、水质检测、场地环境检测、二噁英检测、建材VOC检测、固废检测、理化参数等检测项目，已取得CMA检验检测机构资质认定和ISO/IEC 17025检测实验室认可资质。科学仪器研发方面：具备国内领先的 X 射线衍射 / 荧光分析仪器的研发生产能力，在 X 射线分析仪器的开发领域拥有多项自主知识产权。单位先后通过北京市级企业科技研究开发机构、高新技术企业、中关村高新技术企业等认证。若您有任何咨询问题，可联系我们，我们会为您解答。400-0064-028 、010-62423361公众号：labpku1公司网址：www.labpku.com免责声明：资料来源“国际衍射数据中心ICDD”，以传播知识、有益学习和研究为宗旨，所提供内容仅供读者参考交流，科学研究使用，其他用途不得转载或下载。如涉及侵权，请联系我们及时删除。发布于 2021-01-26 16:52衍射X射线衍射赞同 313 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请